Vitamin D status has profound effects on the growth and development of children and may also affect their bone health in adulthood. Vitamin D is a prohormone in the body necessary for the optimal absorption of calcium from the intestines, which is significant for skeletal development and cellular function. The effects of lack of vitamin D in the body, ranges from development of rickets which is an extreme form of vitamin D deficiency to vitamin D insufficiency which can make affected children susceptible to infections as well as other health conditions like growth failure and irritability linked with it. There is a paucity of information on the serum vitamin D level in children aged 2-5 years in Olokoro community Umuahia, South-east Nigeria. This studys objective was to determine the serum vitamin D levels of preschool children in Olokoro community and factors affecting the vitamin D status. It was a cross-sectional descriptive study in design, carried out in private and public schools in Olokoro community in Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State. The study subjects were selected using multistage sampling technique over a period of 3 months between March to May2017. Apparently well looking subjects aged between 2 and 5 years, whose parents had given consent were enrolled. Information obtained included age, gender, levels of parental education, occupation and duration of hours spent in the sun of enrolled subjects. Serum vitamin D (25 hydroxyvitamin D) of all enrolled subjects was measured with an ELISA kit (CALBIOTECH, USA).