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THE EFFECT OF TRAINING IMMUNIZATION WORKERS IN ONITSHA-NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA TO DETECT OCULAR DISORDERS IN CHILDREN

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Supervisor: Prof. S. N. N. Nwosu and Dr. C. U. Akudinobi
Faculty: OPHTHALMOLOGY
Month: 11
Year: 2021

Abstract

To determine the effect of training immunization workers in Onitsha North Local Government Area Anambra State on the ability to detect ocular disorders in children. Materials & Methods: This prospective interventional study of immunization workers in Onitsha North Local Government Area was conducted from August 2020 to April 2021.The Health Research Ethics Committee of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi gave approval. Each participant responded to a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire to obtain information on socio demographics, knowledge and attitude towards childhood ocular disorders. Participants’ pre-training skills were assessed using a checklist from World Health Organization training manual for Primary Eye Care. A three-day training of participants on detection of ocular disorders in children was conducted. Participants’ post-training knowledge, attitude and skills were assessed immediately after training and three months later. Also, a focus group discussion was conducted to obtain qualitative information on participants’ eye care knowledge, attitude and skills. The data obtained were transcribed verbatim, themes were generated using a code book. All themes were analyzed using NVivo qualitative analysis software version 12 plus (QSR international Melbourne, Australia. 2018). Referral practices were assessed by looking at the referral register to determine the number of children referred to the specialist hospital. Results: There were 58 participants with age range 21-65years; mean - 45±11.6 years. Fifty-seven (98.3%) were females, 38(65.5%) were community health extension workers, 15(25.9%) were nurses while 5(8.6%) were community health officers. Thirty had post-secondary education, 41(70.7%) had practiced for less than 20 years, 44(75.9%) had previous training in eye care but only 7(12.1%) had additional training in eye care after their regular school eye care training programme. xii Training immediately led to improvement in participants’ ability to recognize the pictures of a child with normal eyes 58(100.0%, P= 0.001), white pupillary reflex 52(89.7%, P= 0.001), buphthalmos 43(74.1%, P= 0.023), squint 58(100.0%, P= 0.001), discharge 58(100.0%, P= 0.001) and poor vision at night as a clinical feature of vitamin A deficiency 55(94.8%, P= 0.001).Also, at three months post training, most of the participants sustained their knowledge in their ability to detect the pictures of a child with normal eyes (P= 0.001), white pupillary reflex (P= 0.001), buphthalmos (P= 0.023), squint (P= 0.001), and poor night vision as a clinical sign of vitamin A deficiency (P= 0.001). Majority 50(86.2%) of the participants had a negative attitude pre-training. However, there was a statistically significant improvement in attitude as all participants 58(100%, P= 0.001) developed a positive attitude immediately and three months post-training. Participants’ skill increased from 0(0% good skill), 13 (22.4% average skill) pre-training to good skill 53(91.4%) and 55(94.8%) immediately and three months post-training respectively (P= 0.001).Compared to pre-training, mean scores on knowledge, attitude and skills were significantly higher immediately post-training and also three months post-training (P= 0.001). The focus group discussion highlighted primary health care workers’ lack of knowledge and skills for eye care with attendant poor attitude. Regarding referral practices, a total of 21 children were referred during the period of this study. Five children had redness from allergic conjunctivitis, three had redness and discharge from infective conjunctivitis, one had a white patch in the black part of the eyes, one had ocular deviation, two had normal eyes although the referring primary health care workers felt they had proptosis and ptosis. Nine of the referred children could not be traced despite all efforts.

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