Human immunodeficiency virus infection still poses a global challenge especially in Sub-Sahara Africa where it remains an epidemic. More children now survive with the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and as a result of this, non-AIDS-related chronic conditions like renal diseases are replacing opportunistic infections as a major cause of death. Renal function abnormalities are present in about 30% of patients with HIV infection and have been associated with progression to AIDS and death. Early detection of renal impairment by screening for microalbuminuria (MA) and estimating glomerular filtration rate can reduce morbidity and/or mortality that could arise from HIV-associated acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.This study aimed to assess the prevalence of microalbuminuria in HIV positive (subjects) and HIV negative (controls) children matched for age and sex and to determine possible associations between microalbuminuria and HIV clinical/ immunological staging(categories), duration of ART treatment, type of ART combination used, ART adherence and social-economic status of the subjects. Also, to document the relationship (if any) between MA and estimated glomerular filtration rate of HIV-positive children.