Introduction: Preterm birth is one of the major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several studies on biomarkers in cervicovaginal fluid, amniotic fluid and maternal serum including maternal serum leptin levels have been carried out in high income settings to predict preterm birth. However, these studies showed inconsistencies in the gestational ages at which leptin levels were measured and have been inconclusive on the relationship between maternal serum leptin levels and preterm birth. Prediction of preterm birth is important in this environment where survival rates of preterm babies are low thus resulting in an increased burden of morbidity among preterm babies. It is therefore necessary to assess the relationship between maternal serum leptin levels and preterm delivery. Aim: The study aimed to determine the association between maternal serum leptin levels and preterm delivery. Methods: The study was an analytical cross-sectional study of two groups of women with preterm and term deliveries. One hundred and ninety women were recruited for the study and these comprised of 95 women with preterm deliveries and 95 women with term deliveries. The consenting participants were recruited consecutively; their socio-demographic information and anthropometric measurements were obtained and entered into a structured study data form. Maternal venous blood samples were collected for estimation of serum leptin level after delivery. Serum leptin levels were determined using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Data was analyzed by Stata version 16 (StataCorp, USA) Statistical software and statistical significance level was set at p-value <0.05.