Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with a long and growing list of materno-foetal complications especially preterm labour. Preterm Birth is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality in many countries. BV is amenable to treatment during pregnancy and treatment may present a rare opportunity to reduce preterm birth rate and resulting risk of prematurity in the newborn. In our environment where resources are scarce and information on the subject is not robust, it is necessary to quantify the extent of this pathology before advocating for screening and possibly treatment in our antenatal clinics. Objectives: To compare the occurrence of genital tract colonization with bacterial vaginosis and its morbidities in patients with preterm and term births; and to determine morbidities associated with bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy Methods: The is a prospective case control study among pregnant women managed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. The Case group was made up of 41 women with spontaneous preterm labour while the controls were 41 women with spontaneous labour at term. Upon recruitment, socio-demographic characteristics were obtained using pretested data retrieval forms. Thereafter, a high vaginal swab for subsequent Gram staining was obtained. Bacterial morphotypes were assessed in the swab samples and BV was diagnosed using the 10 point Nugent score. All the women were followed up till discharge from the hospital and other relevant information were recorded. Association of genital tract colonization with bacterial vaginosis with preterm labour was analyzed with the use of logistic regression while adjusting for cofounding variables.